Navigating Files and Directories

Overview

Questions

• How can I perform operations on files outside of my working directory?
• What are some navigational shortcuts I can use to make my work more efficient?

Objectives

• Use a single command to navigate multiple steps in your directory structure, including moving backwards (one level up).
• Perform operations on files in directories outside your working directory.
• Work with hidden directories and hidden files.
• Interconvert between absolute and relative paths.
• Employ navigational shortcuts to move around your file system.

Moving around the file system

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Setup instructions if not continuing from Episode 1

Download cb_unix_shell.tgz to your home directory and unpack it.

BASH

$ cd
$ wget https://github.com/jlchang/cb-unix-shell-lesson-template/raw/main/learners/files/cb_unix_shell.tgz
$ tar -xzf cb_unix_shell.tgz

We’ve learned how to use pwd to find our current location within our file system. We’ve also learned how to use cd to change locations and ls to list the contents of a directory. Now we’re going to learn some additional commands for moving around within our file system.

Use the commands we’ve learned so far to navigate to the cb_unix_shell/Dahl directory, if you’re not already there.

BASH

$ cd
$ cd cb_unix_shell
$ cd Dahl

What if we want to move back up and out of this directory and to our top level directory? Can we type cd cb_unix_shell? Try it and see what happens.

BASH

$ cd cb_unix_shell

OUTPUT

-bash: cd: cb_unix_shell: No such file or directory

Your computer looked for a directory or file called cb_unix_shell within the directory you were already in. It didn’t know you wanted to look at a directory level above the one you were located in.

We have a special command to tell the computer to move us back or up one directory level.

BASH

$ cd ..

Now we can use pwd to make sure that we are in the directory we intended to navigate to, and ls to check that the contents of the directory are correct.

BASH

$ pwd

OUTPUT

/home/unix/jlchang/cb_unix_shell

Note: your output will show your username where you see jlchang above.

BASH

$ ls

OUTPUT

Dahl  Seuss  authors.txt  data  prodinfo454

From this output, we can see that .. did indeed take us back one level in our file system.

You can chain these together like so:

BASH

$ ls ../../

prints the contents of /home/unix.

Finding hidden directories

First navigate to the cb_unix_shell directory. There is a hidden directory within this directory. Explore the options for ls to find out how to see hidden directories. List the contents of the directory and identify the name of the text file in that directory.

Hint: hidden files and folders in Unix start with ., for example .my_hidden_directory

Show me the solution

First use the man command to look at the options for ls.

BASH

$ man ls

The -a option is short for all and says that it causes ls to “not ignore entries starting with .” This is the option we want.

BASH

$ ls -a

OUTPUT

.  ..  .hidden  Dahl  Seuss  authors.txt  data  prodinfo454

The name of the hidden directory is .hidden. We can navigate to that directory using cd.

BASH

$ cd .hidden

And then list the contents of the directory using ls.

BASH

$ ls

OUTPUT

youfoundit.txt

The name of the text file is youfoundit.txt.

In most commands the flags can be combined together in no particular order to obtain the desired results/output.

ls -Fa
ls -laF

Examining the contents of other directories

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By default, the ls commands lists the contents of the working directory (i.e. the directory you are in). You can always find the directory you are in using the pwd command. However, you can also give ls the names of other directories to view. Navigate to your home directory if you are not already there.

BASH

$ cd

Then enter the command:

BASH

$ ls cb_unix_shell

OUTPUT

Dahl  Seuss  authors.txt  data  prodinfo454

This will list the contents of the cb_unix_shell directory without you needing to navigate there.

The cd command works in a similar way.

Try entering:

BASH

$ cd
$ cd cb_unix_shell/Seuss

This will take you to the Seuss directory without having to go through the intermediate directory.

Navigating practice

Navigate to your home directory. From there, list the contents of the Seuss directory.

Show me the solution

BASH

$ cd
$ ls cb_unix_shell/Seuss

OUTPUT

Cat_in_the_Hat  Green_Eggs_and_Ham

Full vs. Relative Paths

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The cd command takes an argument which is a directory name. Directories can be specified using either a relative path or a full absolute path. The directories on the computer are arranged into a hierarchy. The full path tells you where a directory is in that hierarchy. Navigate to the home directory, then enter the pwd command.

BASH

$ cd
$ pwd

You will see:

OUTPUT

/home/unix/jlchang

Note: your output will show your username where you see jlchang above.

This is the full name of your home directory. This tells you that you are in a directory named with your username, which sits inside a directory called unix which is found in a directory called home which sits inside the very top directory in the hierarchy. The very top of the hierarchy is a directory called / which is usually referred to as the root directory. So, to summarize: your home directory is a directory in unix which is a directory in home which is a directory in /. More on root and home in the next section.

Now enter the following command:

BASH

$ cd cb_unix_shell/Seuss/Green_Eggs_and_Ham/

This jumps forward multiple levels to the Green_Eggs_and_Ham directory. Now go back to the home directory.

BASH

$ cd

I can also navigate to the Green_Eggs_and_Ham directory using:

BASH

$ cd /home/unix/<username>/cb_unix_shell/Seuss/Green_Eggs_and_Ham

You’ll need to substitute <username> with your Broad username (without angle brackets).

These two commands have the same effect, they both take us to the Green_Eggs_and_Ham directory. The first uses a relative path, giving only the address from the working directory (in this case, your home directory). The second uses the absolute path, giving the full address from the root directory. A full path always starts with a /. A relative path does not.

A relative path is like getting directions from someone on the street. They tell you to “go right at the stop sign, and then turn left on Main Street”. That works great if you’re standing there together, but not so well if you’re trying to tell someone how to get there from another country. A full path is like GPS coordinates. It tells you exactly where something is no matter where you are right now.

You can usually use either a full path or a relative path depending on what is most convenient or involves less typing.

Over time, it will become easier for you to keep a mental note of the structure of the directories that you are using and how to quickly navigate amongst them.

Relative path resolution

Using the filesystem diagram below, if pwd displays /Users/thing, what will ls ../backup display?

1. ../backup: No such file or directory
2. 2012-12-01 2013-01-08 2013-01-27
3. 2012-12-01/ 2013-01-08/ 2013-01-27/
4. original pnas_final pnas_sub

Show me the solution

1. No: there is a directory backup in /Users.
2. No: this is the content of Users/thing/backup, but with .. we asked for one level further up.
3. No: see previous explanation. Also, we did not specify -F to display / at the end of the directory names.
4. Yes: ../backup refers to /Users/backup.

Navigational Shortcuts

The root directory is the highest level directory in your file system and contains files that are important for your computer to perform its daily work. While you will be using the root (/) at the beginning of your absolute paths, it is important that you avoid working with data in these higher-level directories, as your commands can permanently alter files that the operating system needs to function. In many cases, trying to run commands in root directories will require special permissions which are not discussed here, so it’s best to avoid them and work within your home directory. Dealing with the home directory is very common. The tilde character, ~, is a shortcut for your home directory. In our case, the root directory is three levels above our home directory, so cd or cd ~ will take you to /home/unix/<username> and cd / will take you to /. Navigate to the cb_unix_shell directory:

BASH

$ cd
$ cd cb_unix_shell

Then enter the command:

BASH

$ ls ~

OUTPUT

cb_unix_shell  cb_unix_shell.tgz

This prints the contents of your home directory, without you needing to type the full path.

The commands cd, and cd ~ are very useful for quickly navigating back to your home directory. We will be using the ~ character in later lessons to specify our home directory.

Key Points

• The /, ~, and .. characters represent important navigational shortcuts.
• Hidden files and directories start with . and can be viewed using ls -a.
• Relative paths specify a location starting from the current location, while absolute paths specify a location from the root of the file system.