Storing Multiple Values in Lists

Overview

Questions

• How can I store many values together?

Objectives

• Explain what a list is.
• Create and index lists of simple values.
• Change the values of individual elements
• Append values to an existing list
• Reorder and slice list elements
• Create and manipulate nested lists

In the previous episode, we analyzed a single file of clinical trial inflammation data. However, after finding some peculiar and potentially suspicious trends in the trial data we ask Dr. Maverick if they have performed any other clinical trials. Surprisingly, they say that they have and provide us with 11 more CSV files for a further 11 clinical trials they have undertaken since the initial trial.

Our goal now is to process all the inflammation data we have, which means that we still have eleven more files to go!

The natural first step is to collect the names of all the files that we have to process. In Python, a list is a way to store multiple values together. In this episode, we will learn how to store multiple values in a list as well as how to work with lists.

Python lists

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Unlike NumPy arrays, lists are built into the language so we do not have to load a library to use them. We create a list by putting values inside square brackets and separating the values with commas:

PYTHON

odds = [1, 3, 5, 7]
print('odds are:', odds)

OUTPUT

odds are: [1, 3, 5, 7]

We can access elements of a list using indices – numbered positions of elements in the list. These positions are numbered starting at 0, so the first element has an index of 0.

PYTHON

print('first element:', odds[0])
print('last element:', odds[3])
print('"-1" element:', odds[-1])

OUTPUT

first element: 1
last element: 7
"-1" element: 7

Yes, we can use negative numbers as indices in Python. When we do so, the index -1 gives us the last element in the list, -2 the second to last, and so on. Because of this, odds[3] and odds[-1] point to the same element here.

There is one important difference between lists and strings: we can change the values in a list, but we cannot change individual characters in a string. For example:

PYTHON

names = ['Curie', 'Darwing', 'Turing']  # typo in Darwin's name
print('names is originally:', names)
names[1] = 'Darwin'  # correct the name
print('final value of names:', names)

OUTPUT

names is originally: ['Curie', 'Darwing', 'Turing']
final value of names: ['Curie', 'Darwin', 'Turing']

works, but:

PYTHON

name = 'Darwin'
name[0] = 'd'

ERROR

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError                                 Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-8-220df48aeb2e> in <module>()
      1 name = 'Darwin'
----> 2 name[0] = 'd'

TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment

does not.

Ch-Ch-Ch-Ch-Changes

Data which can be modified in place is called mutable, while data which cannot be modified is called immutable. Strings and numbers are immutable. This does not mean that variables with string or number values are constants, but when we want to change the value of a string or number variable, we can only replace the old value with a completely new value.

Lists and arrays, on the other hand, are mutable: we can modify them after they have been created. We can change individual elements, append new elements, or reorder the whole list. For some operations, like sorting, we can choose whether to use a function that modifies the data in-place or a function that returns a modified copy and leaves the original unchanged.

Be careful when modifying data in-place. If two variables refer to the same list, and you modify the list value, it will change for both variables!

PYTHON

mild_salsa = ['peppers', 'onions', 'cilantro', 'tomatoes']
hot_salsa = mild_salsa        # <-- mild_salsa and hot_salsa point to the *same* list data in memory
hot_salsa[0] = 'hot peppers'
print('Ingredients in mild salsa:', mild_salsa)
print('Ingredients in hot salsa:', hot_salsa)

OUTPUT

Ingredients in mild salsa: ['hot peppers', 'onions', 'cilantro', 'tomatoes']
Ingredients in hot salsa: ['hot peppers', 'onions', 'cilantro', 'tomatoes']

If you want variables with mutable values to be independent, you must make a copy of the value when you assign it.

PYTHON

mild_salsa = ['peppers', 'onions', 'cilantro', 'tomatoes']
hot_salsa = list(mild_salsa)        # <-- makes a *copy* of the list
hot_salsa[0] = 'hot peppers'
print('Ingredients in mild salsa:', mild_salsa)
print('Ingredients in hot salsa:', hot_salsa)

OUTPUT

Ingredients in mild salsa: ['peppers', 'onions', 'cilantro', 'tomatoes']
Ingredients in hot salsa: ['hot peppers', 'onions', 'cilantro', 'tomatoes']

Because of pitfalls like this, code which modifies data in place can be more difficult to understand. However, it is often far more efficient to modify a large data structure in place than to create a modified copy for every small change. You should consider both of these aspects when writing your code.

Nested Lists

Since a list can contain any Python variables, it can even contain other lists.

For example, you could represent the products on the shelves of a small grocery shop as a nested list called veg:

To store the contents of the shelf in a nested list, you write it this way:

PYTHON

veg = [['lettuce', 'lettuce', 'peppers', 'zucchini'],
     ['lettuce', 'lettuce', 'peppers', 'zucchini'],
     ['lettuce', 'cilantro', 'peppers', 'zucchini']]

Here are some visual examples of how indexing a list of lists veg works. First, you can reference each row on the shelf as a separate list. For example, veg[2] represents the bottom row, which is a list of the baskets in that row.

Index operations using the image would work like this:

PYTHON

print(veg[2])

OUTPUT

['lettuce', 'cilantro', 'peppers', 'zucchini']

PYTHON

print(veg[0])

OUTPUT

['lettuce', 'lettuce', 'peppers', 'zucchini']

To reference a specific basket on a specific shelf, you use two indexes. The first index represents the row (from top to bottom) and the second index represents the specific basket (from left to right).

PYTHON

print(veg[0][0])

OUTPUT

'lettuce'

PYTHON

print(veg[1][2])

OUTPUT

'peppers'

Heterogeneous Lists

Lists in Python can contain elements of different types. Example:

PYTHON

sample_ages = [10, 12.5, 'Unknown']

There are many ways to change the contents of lists besides assigning new values to individual elements:

PYTHON

odds.append(11)
print('odds after adding a value:', odds)

OUTPUT

odds after adding a value: [1, 3, 5, 7, 11]

PYTHON

removed_element = odds.pop(0)
print('odds after removing the first element:', odds)
print('removed_element:', removed_element)

OUTPUT

odds after removing the first element: [3, 5, 7, 11]
removed_element: 1

PYTHON

odds.reverse()
print('odds after reversing:', odds)

OUTPUT

odds after reversing: [11, 7, 5, 3]

While modifying in place, it is useful to remember that Python treats lists in a slightly counter-intuitive way.

As we saw earlier, when we modified the mild_salsa list item in-place, if we make a list, (attempt to) copy it and then modify this list, we can cause all sorts of trouble. This also applies to modifying the list using the above functions:

PYTHON

odds = [3, 5, 7]
primes = odds
primes.append(2)
print('primes:', primes)
print('odds:', odds)

OUTPUT

primes: [3, 5, 7, 2]
odds: [3, 5, 7, 2]

This is because Python stores a list in memory, and then can use multiple names to refer to the same list. If all we want to do is copy a (simple) list, we can again use the list function, so we do not modify a list we did not mean to:

PYTHON

odds = [3, 5, 7]
primes = list(odds)
primes.append(2)
print('primes:', primes)
print('odds:', odds)

OUTPUT

primes: [3, 5, 7, 2]
odds: [3, 5, 7]

Subsets of lists and strings can be accessed by specifying ranges of values in brackets, similar to how we accessed ranges of positions in a NumPy array. This is commonly referred to as “slicing” the list/string.

PYTHON

binomial_name = 'Drosophila melanogaster'
group = binomial_name[0:10]
print('group:', group)

species = binomial_name[11:23]
print('species:', species)

chromosomes = ['X', 'Y', '2', '3', '4']
autosomes = chromosomes[2:5]
print('autosomes:', autosomes)

last = chromosomes[-1]
print('last:', last)

OUTPUT

group: Drosophila
species: melanogaster
autosomes: ['2', '3', '4']
last: 4

Slicing From the End

Use slicing to access only the last four characters of a string or entries of a list.

PYTHON

string_for_slicing = 'Observation date: 02-Feb-2013'
list_for_slicing = [['fluorine', 'F'],
                    ['chlorine', 'Cl'],
                    ['bromine', 'Br'],
                    ['iodine', 'I'],
                    ['astatine', 'At']]

OUTPUT

'2013'
[['chlorine', 'Cl'], ['bromine', 'Br'], ['iodine', 'I'], ['astatine', 'At']]

Would your solution work regardless of whether you knew beforehand the length of the string or list (e.g. if you wanted to apply the solution to a set of lists of different lengths)? If not, try to change your approach to make it more robust.

Hint: Remember that indices can be negative as well as positive

Show me the solution

Use negative indices to count elements from the end of a container (such as list or string):

PYTHON

string_for_slicing[-4:]
list_for_slicing[-4:]

What if you want to make a slice consisting of every other element or every third element? If you’d like to learn how, take a look at the following bonus challenge.

Bonus Challenge: Non-Continuous Slices

So far we’ve seen how to use slicing to take single blocks of successive entries from a sequence. But what if we want to take a subset of entries that aren’t next to each other in the sequence?

You can achieve this by providing a third argument to the range within the brackets, called the step size. The example below shows how you can take every third entry in a list:

PYTHON

primes = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37]
subset = primes[0:12:3]
print('subset', subset)

OUTPUT

subset [2, 7, 17, 29]

Notice that the slice taken begins with the first entry in the range, followed by entries taken at equally-spaced intervals (the steps) thereafter. If you wanted to begin the subset with the third entry, you would need to specify that as the starting point of the sliced range:

PYTHON

primes = [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37]
subset = primes[2:12:3]
print('subset', subset)

OUTPUT

subset [5, 13, 23, 37]

Use the step size argument to create a new string that contains only every other character in the string “In an octopus’s garden in the shade”. Start with creating a variable to hold the string:

PYTHON

beatles = "In an octopus's garden in the shade"

What slice of beatles will produce the following output (i.e., the first character, third character, and every other character through the end of the string)?

OUTPUT

I notpssgre ntesae

 

Show me the solution

To obtain every other character you need to provide a slice with the step size of 2:

PYTHON

beatles[0:35:2]

You can also leave out the beginning and end of the slice to take the whole string and provide only the step argument to go every second element:

PYTHON

beatles[::2]

If you want to take a slice from the beginning of a sequence, you can omit the first index in the range:

PYTHON

date = 'Monday 4 January 2016'
day = date[0:6]
print('Using 0 to begin range:', day)
day = date[:6]
print('Omitting beginning index:', day)

OUTPUT

Using 0 to begin range: Monday
Omitting beginning index: Monday

And similarly, you can omit the ending index in the range to take a slice to the very end of the sequence:

PYTHON

months = ['jan', 'feb', 'mar', 'apr', 'may', 'jun', 'jul', 'aug', 'sep', 'oct', 'nov', 'dec']
sond = months[8:12]
print('With known last position:', sond)
sond = months[8:len(months)]
print('Using len() to get last entry:', sond)
sond = months[8:]
print('Omitting ending index:', sond)

OUTPUT

With known last position: ['sep', 'oct', 'nov', 'dec']
Using len() to get last entry: ['sep', 'oct', 'nov', 'dec']
Omitting ending index: ['sep', 'oct', 'nov', 'dec']

Overloading

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Operator overloading is a technical term for a situation where a single operator does different things depending on what it’s applied to.

One action, two meanings

Here’s an analogy: You are at a restaurant. You order a fried egg, and your friend orders French fries. Both of these are fried foods, but “frying” means something a little different in each case. To fry an egg means to cook it in a shallow pan, and to fry French fries means to drop them in a deep fryer.

You could say that “frying” is an overloaded operator: what it does depends on what you do it to!

An Overloaded Operator

+ and * are overloaded. + usually means addition, but when used on strings or lists, it means “concatenate”. Given that, what do you think the multiplication operator * does on lists? In particular, what will be the output of the following code?

PYTHON

counts = [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
repeats = counts * 2
print(repeats)

1. [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
2. [4, 8, 12, 16, 20]
3. [[2, 4, 6, 8, 10], [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]]
4. [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20]

Show me the solution

The multiplication operator * used on a list replicates elements of the list and concatenates them together:

OUTPUT

[2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

It’s equivalent to:

PYTHON

counts + counts

Key Points

• [value1, value2, value3, ...] creates a list.
• Lists can contain any Python object, including lists (i.e., list of lists).
• Lists are indexed and sliced with square brackets (e.g., list[0] and list[2:9]), in the same way as strings and arrays.
• Lists are mutable (i.e., their values can be changed in place).
• Strings are immutable (i.e., the characters in them cannot be changed).