Libraries & Pandas

Last updated on 2024-10-02 | Edit this page

Overview

Questions

How can I extend the capabilities of Python?
How can I use Python code that other people have written?
How can I read tabular data?

Objectives

Explain what Python libraries and modules are.
Write Python code that imports and uses modules from Python’s standard library.
Find and read documentation for standard libraries.
Import the pandas library.
Use pandas to load a CSV file as a data set.
Get some basic information about a pandas DataFrame.

Python libraries are powerful collections of tools.

A Python library is a collection of files (called modules) that contains functions that you can use in your programs. Some libraries (also referred to as packages) contain standard data values or language resources that you can reference in your code. So far, we have used the Python standard library, which is an extensive suite of built-in modules. You can find additional libraries from PyPI (the Python Package Index), though you’ll often find references to useful libraries as you’re reading tutorials or trying to solve specific programming problems. Some popular libraries for working with data in library fields are:

Pandas - tabular data analysis tool.
Pymarc - for working with bibliographic data encoded in MARC21.
Matplotlib - data visualization tools.
BeautifulSoup - for parsing HTML and XML documents.
Requests - for making HTTP requests (e.g., for web scraping, using APIs)
Scikit-learn - machine learning tools for predictive data analysis.
NumPy - numerical computing tools such as mathematical functions and random number generators.

You must import a library or module before using it.

Use import to load a library into a program’s memory. Then you can refer to things from the library as library_name.function. Let’s import and use the string library to generate a list of lowercase ASCII letters and to change the case of a text string:

PYTHON

import string

print(f'The lower ascii letters are {string.ascii_lowercase}')
print(string.capwords('capitalise this sentence please.'))

OUTPUT

The lower ascii letters are abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
Capitalise This Sentence Please.

Dot notation

We introduced Python dot notation when we looked at methods like list_name.append(). We can use the same syntax when we call functions of a specific Python library, such as string.capwords(). In fact, this dot notation is common in Python, and can refer to relationships between different types of Python objects. Remember that it is always the case that the object to the right of the dot is a part of the larger object to the left. If we expressed capitals of countries using this syntax, for example, we would say, Brazil.São_Paulo() or Japan.Tokyo().

Use `help` to learn about the contents of a library module.

The help() function can tell us more about a module in a library, including more information about its functions and/or variables.

PYTHON

help(string)

OUTPUT

Help on module string:

NAME
    string - A collection of string constants.

MODULE REFERENCE
    https://docs.python.org/3.6/library/string

    The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
    source files.  It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
    are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
    implementations.  When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
    location listed above.

DESCRIPTION
    Public module variables:

    whitespace -- a string containing all ASCII whitespace
    ascii_lowercase -- a string containing all ASCII lowercase letters
    ascii_uppercase -- a string containing all ASCII uppercase letters
    ascii_letters -- a string containing all ASCII letters
    digits -- a string containing all ASCII decimal digits
    hexdigits -- a string containing all ASCII hexadecimal digits
    octdigits -- a string containing all ASCII octal digits
    punctuation -- a string containing all ASCII punctuation characters
    printable -- a string containing all ASCII characters considered printable

CLASSES
    builtins.object
        Formatter
        Template
⋮ ⋮ ⋮

Import specific items

You can use from ... import ... to load specific items from a library module to save space. This also helps you write briefer code since you can refer to them directly without using the library name as a prefix everytime.

PYTHON

from string import ascii_letters

print(f'The ASCII letters are {ascii_letters}')

OUTPUT

The ASCII letters are abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Module not found error

Before you can import a Python library, you sometimes will need to download and install it on your machine. Anaconda comes with many of the most popular Python libraries for scientific computing applications built-in, so if you installed Anaconda for this workshop, you’ll be able to import many common libraries directly. Some less common tools, like the PyMarc library, however, would need to be installed first.

PYTHON

import pymarc

ERROR

ModuleNotFoundError: No module named 'pymarc'

You can find out how to install the library by looking at the documentation. PyMarc, for example, recommends using a command line tool, pip, to install it. You can install with pip in a Jupyter notebook by starting the command with a percentage symbol, which allows you to run shell commands from Jupyter:

PYTHON

%pip install pymarc
import pymarc

Use library aliases

You can use import ... as ... to give a library a short alias while importing it. This helps you refer to items more efficiently.

PYTHON

import pandas as pd

Many popular libraries have common aliases. For example:

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib as plt

Using these common aliases can make it easier to work with existing documentation and tutorials.

Pandas

Pandas is a widely-used Python library for statistics using tabular data. Essentially, it gives you access to 2-dimensional tables whose columns have names and can have different data types. We can start using pandas by reading a Comma Separated Values (CSV) data file with the function pd.read_csv(). The function .read_csv() expects as an argument the path to and name of the file to be read. This returns a dataframe that you can assign to a variable.

Find your CSV files

Now we will use the CSV files you downloaded and uncompressed earlier. If you followed the setup instructions, these files will be in your Google Drive. To access them, we will need to import a module that will let us use files from Drive. Run the following code to enable Drive access.

PYTHON

from google.colab import drive
drive.mount('/content/drive')

OUTPUT

Mounted at /content/drive

To save ourselves a lot of typing, let’s save the location of our downloaded files to a variable.

PYTHON

file_location = "drive/MyDrive/lc-python/"

What if the files have not been copied to my Google Drive yet?

We wanted you to know how to make files you have on your computer accessible for use in Colab and persist over time. To save time now, run wget to download files directly to the cloud:

BASH

!wget https://github.com/jlchang/cb-python-intro-lesson-template/raw/refs/heads/main/episodes/files/data.zip
!unzip data.zip

OUTPUT

--2024-09-25 17:56:34--  https://github.com/jlchang/cb-python-intro-lesson-template/raw/refs/heads/main/episodes/files/data.zip
Resolving github.com (github.com)... 20.27.177.113
Connecting to github.com (github.com)|20.27.177.113|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 302 Found
Location: https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jlchang/cb-python-intro-lesson-template/refs/heads/main/episodes/files/data.zip [following]
--2024-09-25 17:56:34--  https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jlchang/cb-python-intro-lesson-template/refs/heads/main/episodes/files/data.zip
Resolving raw.githubusercontent.com (raw.githubusercontent.com)... 185.199.111.133, 185.199.110.133, 185.199.109.133, ...
Connecting to raw.githubusercontent.com (raw.githubusercontent.com)|185.199.111.133|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 138902 (136K) [application/zip]
Saving to: ‘data.zip’

data.zip            100%[===================>] 135.65K  --.-KB/s    in 0.09s

2024-09-25 17:56:35 (1.54 MB/s) - ‘data.zip’ saved [138902/138902]

Archive:  data.zip
   creating: data/
  inflating: data/2011_circ.csv
  inflating: data/all_years.pkl
  inflating: data/df_long.pkl
  inflating: data/2016_circ.csv
  inflating: data/2017_circ.csv
  inflating: data/2022_circ.csv
  inflating: data/2018_circ.csv
  inflating: data/2019_circ.csv
  inflating: data/2012_circ.csv
  inflating: data/2013_circ.csv
  inflating: data/2021_circ.csv
  inflating: data/2020_circ.csv
  inflating: data/2015_circ.csv
  inflating: data/2014_circ.csv

PYTHON

file_location = ""

Note that the commands wget and unzip are shell commands, not Python. To run shell commands in Colab, preface the command with an exclaimation point and Colab will automagically know what to do.

If you have files you’d download from the internet, you can move them directly to work with in Colab with wget. They won’t be in your Google Drive (they were copied onto the machine in the cloud running Colab, if you disconnect from Colab, the files will not persist.)

Let’s load our CSV file into a pandas DataFrame, and save it to a new variable called df. We can make a string representing the location of that one specific file within our lc-python directory, and then pass that filename to pd.read_csv().

PYTHON

data_filename = f'{file_location}data/2011_circ.csv'
df = pd.read_csv(data_filename)
print(df)

OUTPUT

                       branch                  address     city  zip code  \
    0             Albany Park     5150 N. Kimball Ave.  Chicago   60625.0
    1                 Altgeld    13281 S. Corliss Ave.  Chicago   60827.0
    2          Archer Heights      5055 S. Archer Ave.  Chicago   60632.0
    3                  Austin        5615 W. Race Ave.  Chicago   60644.0
    4           Austin-Irving  6100 W. Irving Park Rd.  Chicago   60634.0
    ..                    ...                      ...      ...       ...
    75           West Pullman         830 W. 119th St.  Chicago   60643.0
    76              West Town     1625 W. Chicago Ave.  Chicago   60622.0
    77  Whitney M. Young, Jr.         7901 S. King Dr.  Chicago   60619.0
    78       Woodson Regional      9525 S. Halsted St.  Chicago   60628.0
    79     Wrightwood-Ashburn      8530 S. Kedzie Ave.  Chicago   60652.0

        january  february  march  april    may   june   july  august  september  \
    0      8427      7023   9702   9344   8865  11650  11778   11306      10466
    1      1258       708    854    804    816    870    713     480        702
    2      8104      6899   9329   9124   7472   8314   8116    9177       9033
    3      1755      1316   1942   2200   2133   2359   2080    2405       2417
    4     12593     11791  14807  14382  11754  14402  14605   15164      14306
    ..      ...       ...    ...    ...    ...    ...    ...     ...        ...
    75     3312      2713   3495   3550   3010   2968   3844    3811       3209
    76     9030      7727  10450  10607  10139  10410  10601   11311      11084
    77     2588      2033   3099   3087   3005   2911   3123    3644       3547
    78    10564      8874  10948   9299   9025  10020  10366   10892      10901
    79     3062      2780   3334   3279   3036   3801   4600    3953       3536

        october  november  december     ytd
    0     10997     10567      9934  120059
    1       927       787       692    9611
    2      9709      8809      7865  101951
    3      2571      2233      2116   25527
    4     15357     14069     12404  165634
    ..      ...       ...       ...     ...
    75     3923      3162      3147   40144
    76    10657     10797      9275  122088
    77     3848      3324      3190   37399
    78    13272     11421      9474  125056
    79     4093      3583      3200   42257

    [80 rows x 17 columns]

File Not Found

Our lessons store their data files in a data sub-directory, which is why the path to the file is data/2011_circ.csv. If you forget to include data/, or if you don’t make sure to begin the path with the location inside Drive, or even if your copy of the file is somewhere else in relation to your Jupyter Notebook, you will get an error that ends with a line like this:

ERROR

FileNotFoundError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'data/2011_circ.csv'

df is a common variable name that you’ll encounter in pandas tutorials online, but in practice it’s often better to use more meaningful variable names. Since we have twelve different CSVs to work with, for example, we might want to add the year to the variable name to differentiate between the datasets.

Also, as seen above, the output when you print a dataframe in Jupyter isn’t very easy to read. We can use .head() to look at just the first few rows in our dataframe formatted in a more convenient way for our Notebook.

PYTHON

df_2011 = pd.read_csv(data_filenamemux)
df_2011.head()

	branch	address	city	zip code	january	february	march	april	may	june	july	august	september	october	november	december	ytd
0	Albany Park	5150 N. Kimball Ave.	Chicago	60625.0	8427	7023	9702	9344	8865	11650	11778	11306	10466	10997	10567	9934	120059
1	Altgeld	13281 S. Corliss Ave.	Chicago	60827.0	1258	708	854	804	816	870	713	480	702	927	787	692	9611
2	Archer Heights	5055 S. Archer Ave.	Chicago	60632.0	8104	6899	9329	9124	7472	8314	8116	9177	9033	9709	8809	7865	101951
3	Austin	5615 W. Race Ave.	Chicago	60644.0	1755	1316	1942	2200	2133	2359	2080	2405	2417	2571	2233	2116	25527
4	Austin-Irving	6100 W. Irving Park Rd.	Chicago	60634.0	12593	11791	14807	14382	11754	14402	14605	15164	14306	15357	14069	12404	165634

Use the `DataFrame.info()` method to find out more about a dataframe.

PYTHON

df_2011.info()

OUTPUT

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 80 entries, 0 to 79
Data columns (total 17 columns):
 #   Column     Non-Null Count  Dtype
---  ------     --------------  -----
 0   branch     80 non-null     object
 1   address    80 non-null     object
 2   city       80 non-null     object
 3   zip code   80 non-null     float64
 4   january    80 non-null     int64
 5   february   80 non-null     int64
 6   march      80 non-null     int64
 7   april      80 non-null     int64
 8   may        80 non-null     int64
 9   june       80 non-null     int64
 10  july       80 non-null     int64
 11  august     80 non-null     int64
 12  september  80 non-null     int64
 13  october    80 non-null     int64
 14  november   80 non-null     int64
 15  december   80 non-null     int64
 16  ytd        80 non-null     int64
dtypes: float64(1), int64(13), object(3)
memory usage: 10.8+ KB

The info() method tells us - we have a RangeIndex of 83, which means we have 83 rows. - there are 18 columns, with datatypes of - objects (3 columns) - 64-bit floating point number (1 column) - 64-bit integers (14 columns). - the dataframe uses 11.8 kilobytes of memory.

The `DataFrame.columns` variable stores info about the dataframe’s columns.

Note that this is data, not a method, so do not use () to try to call it. It helpfully gives us a list of all of the column names.

PYTHON

print(df_2011.columns)

OUTPUT

Index(['branch', 'address', 'city', 'zip code', 'january', 'february', 'march',
       'april', 'may', 'june', 'july', 'august', 'september', 'october',
       'november', 'december', 'ytd'],
      dtype='object')

Use `DataFrame.describe()` to get summary statistics about data.

DataFrame.describe() gets the summary statistics of only the columns that have numerical data. All other columns are ignored, unless you use the argument include='all'.

PYTHON

df_2011.describe()

	zip code	january	february	march	april	may	june	july	august	september	october	november	december	ytd
count	80.000000	80.000000	80.000000	80.00000	80.000000	80.000000	80.000000	80.000000	80.000000	80.000000	80.000000	80.000000	80.00000	80.000000
mean	60632.675000	7216.175000	6247.162500	8367.36250	8209.225000	7551.725000	8581.125000	8708.887500	8918.550000	8289.975000	9033.437500	8431.112500	7622.73750	97177.475000
std	28.001254	10334.622299	8815.945718	11667.93342	11241.223544	10532.352671	10862.742953	10794.030461	11301.149192	10576.005552	10826.494853	10491.875418	9194.44616	125678.282307
min	60605.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.00000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	2.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.000000	0.00000	9218.000000
25%	60617.000000	2388.500000	1979.250000	2708.50000	2864.250000	2678.500000	2953.750000	3344.750000	3310.500000	3196.750000	3747.000000	3168.000000	3049.75000	37119.250000
50%	60629.000000	5814.500000	5200.000000	6468.50000	6286.000000	5733.000000	6764.500000	6194.000000	6938.500000	6599.500000	7219.500000	6766.000000	5797.00000	73529.000000
75%	60643.000000	9021.000000	8000.000000	10737.00000	10794.250000	9406.250000	10852.750000	11168.000000	11291.750000	10520.000000	11347.500000	10767.000000	9775.00000	124195.750000
max	60827.000000	79210.000000	67574.000000	89122.00000	88527.000000	82581.000000	82100.000000	80219.000000	85193.000000	81400.000000	82236.000000	79702.000000	68856.00000	966720.000000

This gives us, for example, the count, minimum, maximum, and mean values from each numeric column. In the case of the zip code column, this isn’t helpful, but for the usage data for each month, it’s a quick way to scan the range of data over the course of the year.

Importing With Aliases

Fill in the blanks so that the program below prints 0123456789.
Rewrite the program so that it uses import without as.
Which form do you find easier to read?

PYTHON

import string as s
numbers = ____.digits
print(____)

Show me the solution

PYTHON

import string as s
numbers = s.digits
print(numbers)

can be written as

PYTHON

import string
numbers = string.digits
print(numbers)

Since you just wrote the code and are familiar with it, you might actually find the first version easier to read. But when trying to read a huge piece of code written by someone else, or when getting back to your own huge piece of code after several months, non-abbreviated names are often easier, expect where there are clear abbreviation conventions.

Bonus Challenge: Locating the Right Module

Given the variables year, month and day, how would you generate a date in the standard iso format:

PYTHON

year = 1971
month = 8
day = 26

Which standard library module could help you?
Which function would you select from that module?
Try to write a program that uses the function.

Show me the solution

The datetime module seems like it could help you.

You could use date(year, month, date).isoformat() to convert your date:

PYTHON

import datetime

iso_date = datetime.date(year, month, day).isoformat()
print(iso_date)

or more compactly:

PYTHON

import datetime

print(datetime.date(year, month, day).isoformat())

Is there something special about that date in library history?

According to Washington County Cooperative Library Services: “1971, August 26 – Ohio University’s Alden Library takes computer cataloging online for the first time, building a system where libraries could electronically share catalog records over a network instead of by mailing printed cards or re-entering records in each catalog. That catalog eventually became the core of OCLC WorldCat – a shared online catalog used by libraries in 107 countries and containing 517,963,343 records.”

Key Points

Most of the power of a programming language is in its libraries.
A program must import a library module in order to use it.
Use help to learn about the contents of a library module.
Import specific items from a library to shorten programs.
Create an alias for a library when importing it to shorten programs.

Libraries & Pandas

Overview

Questions

Objectives

Python libraries are powerful collections of tools.

You must import a library or module before using it.

PYTHON

OUTPUT

Dot notation

Use help to learn about the contents of a library module.

PYTHON

OUTPUT

Import specific items

PYTHON

OUTPUT

Module not found error

PYTHON

ERROR

PYTHON

Use library aliases

PYTHON

Pandas

Find your CSV files

PYTHON

OUTPUT

PYTHON

What if the files have not been copied to my Google Drive yet?

BASH

OUTPUT

PYTHON

PYTHON

OUTPUT

File Not Found

ERROR

PYTHON

Use the DataFrame.info() method to find out more about a dataframe.

PYTHON

OUTPUT

The DataFrame.columns variable stores info about the dataframe’s columns.

PYTHON

OUTPUT

Use DataFrame.describe() to get summary statistics about data.

PYTHON

Importing With Aliases

PYTHON

Show me the solution

PYTHON

PYTHON

Bonus Challenge: Locating the Right Module

PYTHON

Show me the solution

PYTHON

PYTHON

Is there something special about that date in library history?

Key Points

Use `help` to learn about the contents of a library module.

Use the `DataFrame.info()` method to find out more about a dataframe.

The `DataFrame.columns` variable stores info about the dataframe’s columns.

Use `DataFrame.describe()` to get summary statistics about data.